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Here are seven behavioral or interpersonal skills that you should zero in on when establishing the culture in your company: 1. Communication is a very broad topic that can cover different situations and participants. Of course, it’s vital with shared workplaces and responsibilities, like when your employees collaborate on projects. Re:Work Training is a nonprofit career training program focused on tech sales and we rely on volunteer coaches to provide expertise that will help our candidates succeed. Susan's presentation on applying micro-expression and face-reading analysis to everyday sales process was one of our most enjoyable and engaging classes to date based on.

1. National Council for Behavioral Health President and CEO Chuck Ingoglia on COVID-19 Relief and Government Funding Package On December 21, Congress passed a $2.3 trillion spending bill that delivers $900 billion in new COVID-19 relief and $1.4 trillion to fund the federal government through September 30, 2021.
2. Techniques in behavioural therapies apply the learning principles to change maladaptive behaviours (Weiten, 2007). The techniques do not focus on clients achieving insights into their behaviour; rather the focus is just on changing the behaviour.

Telling a little white lie may on occasion soothe ruffled social feathers, but covering up a murder plot or withholding information on terrorist cells can devastate individuals and society at large. Yet detecting deception often stumps the most experienced police officers, judges, customs officials and other forensic professionals. Research has shown that even agents from the FBI, CIA and Drug Enforcement Agency don't do much better than chance in telling liars from truth-tellers.

For example, a recent, as yet unpublished meta-analysis of 253 studies of people distinguishing truths from lies revealed overall accuracy was just 53 percent--not much better than flipping a coin, note the authors, psychologists Charles Bond, PhD, of Texas Christian University, and Bella DePaulo, PhD, of the University of California, Santa Barbara. Download pycharm community edition for mac.

Spotting the sneaks can be tough. Polygraph tests- so-called 'lie detectors'--are typically based on detecting autonomic reactions and are considered unreliable (see 'The polygraph in doubt'). That's why psychologists have been cataloging clues to deception--such as facial expressions, body language and linguistics--to help hook the dishonest. From this research, psychologists are developing new detection tools such as software to analyze facial expressions and writing style.

They're also training law-enforcement experts. One psychologist doing this is Paul Ekman, PhD, an emeritus psychology professor at the University of California Medical School, San Francisco, who's studied deception for some 40 years. As part of the Oakland, Calif.-based Institute for Analytic Interviewing, he teaches interviewing skills to everyone from airport security guards to counter-terrorism agents, foreign-service officers and police interrogators, including officials from the CIA, FBI and other such federal agencies.

Mark Frank, PhD, a Rutgers University associate professor of communications, and Ekman are now gathering data on the demeanor and physiology of a large sample of people who tell 'high-stakes' lies--for which they could lose money, their spouse, their reputation, their freedom or their life. Ekman says the findings from this new data set should provide 'an awful lot [to the field]. I think there'll be a giant leap.'

Deception cues debated

Are appearances deceiving? The evidence is mixed. DePaulo and co-author Wendy Morris, a psychology graduate student at the University of Virginia, conducted a meta-analysis into the possible predictors of deception for 'Deception Detection in Forensic Contexts' (forthcoming from Cambridge University Press). They warn readers that detecting deception is an inexact science, but note an association between lying and increased pupil size, an indicator of tension and concentration. Second, they find that people listening to liars think they seem more nervous than truth-tellers, perhaps because their voices are pitched higher. And liars are more likely than truth-tellers to press their lips together. On the other hand, they note, liars don't appear to be more fidgety, nor do they blink more or have less-relaxed posture. According to DePaulo and Morris, only when liars are more highly motivated--when the stakes are higher--do they seem unusually still and make notably less eye contact with listeners.

Also investigating bodily deception cues--particularly facial ones--are Ekman and his associates, who in 1978 published the Facial Action Coding System (FACS), which, when combined with voice and speech measures, reaches detection accuracy rates of up to 90 percent, Ekman claims. He and his colleagues are now automating the FACS for use in law enforcement. Meanwhile, they're trying to raise the accuracy rate even higher.

Of the FACS Ekman says, 'We get our biggest payoff from face and voice cues when dealing with lies about emotions at the moment. We add cues from gestures and words when it comes to lies about beliefs and actions, such as crimes.' Ekman and his colleagues do not reveal or publish each validated sign of deception for a very practical reason: They don't want to tip off the wrong people.

Ekman, through close study, learned that 'micro-expressions' lasting less than one-fifth of a second may leak emotions someone wants to conceal, such as anger or guilt. At the same time, signs of emotion aren't necessarily signs of guilt. An innocent person may be apprehensive and appear guilty, Ekman points out.

He says, 'You must use lying as a last interpretation and rule out everything else that's possible.'

To tell the truth

Facial expressions aren't the only clue. Because deception is a social act involving language, researchers are also studying liars' verbal and written output to find distinctive patterns.

DePaulo and Morris say that liars take longer to start answering questions than truth-tellers--but when they have time to plan, liars actually start their answers more quickly than truth-tellers. And they talk less. On the whole, to other people, liars seem more negative--more nervous and complaining, and less cooperative--than truth-tellers, they say.

The content of conversations can be another tip-off. DePaulo and Morris report that liars seem to withhold information, either from guilt or to make it easier to get their stories straight.

'Liars' answers sound more discrepant and ambivalent, the structure of their stories is less logical, and their stories sound less plausible,' they say. Liars also use fewer hand movements to illustrate their actions but are more likely to repeat words and phrases, they add.

At the University of Texas at Austin, psychology professor James Pennebaker, PhD, and his associates have developed computer software, known as Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC), that analyzes written content and can, with some accuracy, predict whether someone is lying. Pennebaker says deception appears to carry three primary written markers:

• Fewer first-person pronouns. Liars avoid statements of ownership, distance themselves from their stories and avoid taking responsibility for their behavior, he says.

• More negative emotion words, such as hate, worthless and sad. Liars, notes Pennebaker, are generally more anxious and sometimes feel guilty.

• Fewer exclusionary words, such as except, but or nor--words that indicate that writers distinguish what they did from what they did not do. Liars seem to have a problem with this complexity, and it shows in their writing.

The LIWC software--published by Lawrence Erlbaum--has been significantly more effective than human judges in correctly identifying deceptive or truthful writing samples, with an average accuracy rate of 67 percent as opposed to 52 percent. The samples were typed in five-minute sessions by participants who were asked to write--as persuasively as possible--truthful and deceptive essays about their views on abortion. They had given their true views, making it possible to know when they were lying.

At New Mexico State University, psychology doctoral student Gary Bond and his colleagues replicated the accuracy rates of LIWC in the field, analyzing the transcribed speech of felons jailed in New Mexico, Kansas and Mississippi and asked to tell the truth or lie about a video they had just seen. What's more, truthful statements again had fewer negative emotion words and more self-referencing and exclusive words than false statements.

Human lie detectors

Computer programs aren't the only methods of detecting lies. Some scientists believe that people--such as law-enforcement officers--can be trained to recognize liars through behavioral clues.

In June, APA teamed up with the FBI and the National Institute of Justice on a comprehensive workshop for top law enforcers on the use of intuition. Experts presented the latest research on detecting deception and related psychological topics such as bias and event memory. Ekman thinks such behavioral training may help authorities spot subtle cues that they might miss because they deal with so many liars.

There are no signs of lying per se, but rather signs of thinking too much when a reply should not require thought, or of emotions that don't fit what is being spoken, he says. 'We train people to look for 'hot spots,' where they're not getting a full account,' he explains.

His Institute for Analytic Interviewing trains people to detect deception in the context of research findings on personality, memory and more. For example, Ekman says that skilled interrogators build rapport with suspects: 'People will tell their story if they think you're being open-minded.'

Meanwhile, Ekman has teamed with psychologist Maureen O'Sullivan, PhD, of the University of San Francisco, the lead investigator on a study of the hard-to-find, very small fraction of emotionally intelligent people who can very accurately distinguish deceptiveness from truthfulness. Some of them use the demeanor and vocal clues mentioned in this article, but others base their judgments on behaviors and word usage that no researcher has previously identified, O'Sullivan explains.

Can psychologists learn from these divining rods to train less-sensitive people? Ekman thinks more research is needed. O'Sullivan speculates that it could work only for those with some core skill: 'Not everyone can be an Olympic athlete,' she explains. 'Agencies should identify people with basic talent and train them.'

Shedding more light on the matter is Frank of Rutgers, who, with Tom Feeley, PhD, of the University at Buffalo of the State University of New York communication department, recently examined the research on training in the detection of deception.

'It showed that although the training methods used by most researchers were clearly inferior [such as just 10 to 15 minutes of training], there was still a significant--if weak--training effect. So we speculated that if training were done properly, it could work considerably better,' says Frank.

Psychology could have a lot to offer, write DePaulo and Morris in their forthcoming book chapter: 'Good human lie detectors, if there are such persons, are likely to be good intuitive psychologists. They would figure out how a person might think or feel if lying in a particular situation, then look for behavioral indications of those thoughts or feelings.'

In the end, detecting deception is all about honesty. Ekman concludes, 'It's much harder to find the truth than to find a lie. A good lie-catcher is good at identifying truthfulness.'

Dialectical Behavioral Therapy For Children

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Human behavior is the potential and expressed capacity (mentally, physically, and socially) of humanindividuals or groups to respond to internal and external stimuli throughout their life.^[1][2][3] While specific traits of one's personality, temperament, and genetics may be more consistent, other behaviors change as one moves between life stages—i.e., from birth through adolescence, adulthood, and, for example, parenthood and retirement.^[2]

Behavior is also driven, in part, by thoughts and feelings, which provide insight into individual psyche, revealing such things as attitudes and values. Human behavior is shaped by psychological traits, as personality types vary from person to person, producing different actions and behavior. Extraverted people, for instance, are more likely than introverted people to participate in social activities like parties.^[4]

The behavior of humans (just as of other organisms) falls upon a spectrum, whereby some behaviors are common while others unusual, and some are acceptable while others beyond acceptable limits. The acceptability of behavior depends heavily upon social norms and is regulated by various means of social control, partly due to the inherently conformist nature of human society in general. Thus, social norms also condition behavior, whereby humans are pressured into following certain rules and displaying certain behaviors that are deemed acceptable or unacceptable depending on the given society or culture.

Human behavior is studied by the social sciences, which include psychology, sociology, economics, and anthropology. In sociology, behavior may broadly refer to all basic human actions, including those that possess no meaning—actions directed at no person. Behavior in this general sense should not be mistaken with social behavior. Social behavior, a subset of human behavior that accounts for actions directed at others, is concerned with the considerable influence of social interaction and culture, as well as ethics, social environment, authority, persuasion, and coercion.

Factors[edit]

Genetics[edit]

Long before Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species in 1858, animal breeders knew that patterns of behavior are somehow influenced by inheritance from parents. Studies of identical twins as compared to less-closely-related human beings, and of children brought up in adoptive homes, have helped scientists understand the influence of genetics on human behavior. The study of human behavioral genetics is still developing steadily with new methods such as genome-wide association studies.^[5][6]

Evolutionary psychology studies behavior as the product of natural selection, whereby both human behavior and psychology are shaped by our evolutionary past. According to this field, humans attempt to increase their social status as much as possible, which increases their chances of reproductive success. They may do this by fighting, amassing wealth, or helping others with their problems.

Social norms[edit]

Social norms, the often unspoken rules of a group, shape not only our behaviors but also our attitudes.An individual’s behavior varies depending on the group(s) they are a part of, a characteristic of society that allows their norms to heavily impact society. Without social norms, human society would not function as it currently does. Humans would have to be more abstract in their behavior, as there would not be a pre-tested 'normal' standardized lifestyle, and individuals would have to make many more choices for themselves. The institutionalization of norms is, however, inherent in human society perhaps as a direct result of the desire to be accepted by others, which leads humans to manipulate their own behavior to 'fit in' with others. Depending on their nature and upon one's perspective, norms can impact different sections of society both positively (e.g. attending birthday celebrations, dressing warm in the winter) and negatively (e.g. racism, drug use).

Creativity[edit]

Creativity is a fundamental human trait. It can be seen in tribes' adaptation of natural objects to make tools, and in the uniquely human pursuits of art and music.This creative impulse explains the constant change in fashion, technology, and food in modern society. People use creative endeavors, like art and literature, to distinguish themselves within their social group. They also use their creativity to make money and persuade others of the value of their ideas.

Religion and spirituality[edit]

Another important aspect of human behavior is religion and spirituality. According to a Pew Research Center report, 54% of adults around the world state that religion is very important in their lives.^[7] Religion plays a large role in the lives of many people around the world, and it affects their behavior towards others.^[8] For example, one of the five pillars of Islam is zakat. This is the practice whereby Muslims who can afford to are required to donate 2.5% of their wealth to those in need.^[9] Many religious people regularly attend services with other members of their religion. They may take part in religious rituals, and festivals like Diwali and Easter.

Attitude[edit]

An attitude is an expression of favor or disfavor toward a person, place, thing, or event.^[10] It alters between each individual, as everyone holds different attitudes towards different things. A main factor that determines attitude is likes and dislikes: the more one likes something or someone, the more one is willing to open up and accept what they have to offer; one dislikes something, they are more likely to get defensive and shut down.

An example of how one's attitude affects one's human behavior could be as simple as taking a child to the park or to the doctor. Children know they have fun at the park so their attitude becomes willing and positive, but when a doctor is mentioned, they shut down and become upset with the thought of pain. Attitudes can sculpt personalities and the way people view who we are. People with similar attitudes tend to stick together as interests and hobbies are common. This does not mean that people with different attitudes do not interact, the fact is they do. What it means is that specific attitudes can bring people together (e.g., religious groups). The way a human behaves depends a lot on how they look at the situation and what they expect to gain from it.^[11]

Weather and climate[edit]

The weather and climate have a significant influence on human behavior. The average temperature of a country affects its traditions and people's everyday routines. For example, Spain was once a primarily agrarian country, with much of its labour force working in the fields. Spaniards developed the tradition of the siesta, an after-lunch nap, to cope with the intense midday heat. The siesta persists despite the increased use of air conditioning and the move from farming to office jobs. However, it is less common today than in the past.^[12] Norway is a northern country with cold average temperatures and short hours of daylight in winter. This has shaped its lunchtime habits. Norwegians have a fixed half an hour lunch break. This enables them to go home earlier, with many leaving work at three o'clock in the afternoon. This allows them to make the most of the remaining daylight.^[13] There is a correlation between higher temperatures and increased levels of violent crime. There are a number of theories for why this is. One theory is that people are more inclined to go outside during warmer weather, and this increases the number of opportunities for criminals. Another is that high temperatures cause a physiological response that increases people's irritability, and therefore their likeliness to escalate perceived slights into violence.^[14][15] There is some research detailing that changes in the weather can affect the behavior of children. One study suggests that classroom misbehavior peaked during the period of 'calm before the storm.'^[16]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^Hemakumara, GPTS. and Rainis, R. 2018. Spatial behaviour modelling of unauthorised housing in Colombo, Sri Lanka. KEMANUSIAAN the Asian Journal of Humanities 25(2): 91–107, https://doi.org/10.21315/kajh2018.25.2.5
2. ^ ^abKagan, Jerome, Marc H. Bornstein, and Richard M. Lerner. 'Human Behaviour.' Encyclopædia Britannica. 2020. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
3. ^Farnsworth, Bryn. 4 July 2019. 'Human Behavior: The Complete Pocket Guide.' iMotions. Copenhagen. So What Exactly is Behavior?
4. ^Argyle, Michael, and Luo Lu. 1990. 'The happiness of extraverts.' Personality and Individual Differences 11(10):1011–17. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(90)90128-E.
5. ^Anholt, Robert R. H., and Trudy Mackay. 2010. Principles of behavioral genetics. Academic Press. ISBN978-0-12-372575-2. Lay summary.
6. ^Purcell, Shaun. 2012. 'Statistical Methods in Behavioral Genetics' Appendix in Behavioral Genetics (6th ed.), edited by R. Plomin, J. C. DeFries, V. S. Knopik, and J. M. Neiderhiser. Worth Publishers. ISBN978-1-4292-4215-8. Retrieved 5 June 2020. Lay summary.
7. ^''How religious commitment varies by country among people of all ages'. Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. 13 June 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
8. ^Spilka, B., and D. N. McIntosh. 1996. The psychology of religion. Westview Press.
9. ^Noor, Zainulbahar; Pickup, Francine (2017). 'Zakat requires Muslims to donate 2.5% of their wealth: could this end poverty?'. The Guardian.
10. ^Wyer, R. S. J. 1965. 'Effect of child-rearing attitudes and behavior on childrens responses to hypothetical social situations.' Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2(4):480–86. ProQuest60622726.
11. ^Kechmanovic, D. 1969. 'The paranoid attitude as the common form of social behavior.' Sociologija 11(4):573–85. ProQuest60877639.
12. ^Yardley, Jim (2014). 'Spain, Land of 10 P.M. Dinners, Asks if It's Time to Reset Clock'. The New York Times.
13. ^Gorvett, Zaria (2019). 'The Norwegian art of the packed lunch'. BBC News.
14. ^'Heatwave: Is there more crime in hot weather?'. BBC News. 2018.
15. ^Rath, Arun (2018). 'Heat And Aggression: How Hot Weather Makes It Easy For Us To Offend'. WGBH.
16. ^Dabb, C (May 1997). The relationship between weather and children's behavior: a study of teacher perceptions. USU Thesis.

Further reading[edit]

• Ardrey, Robert. 1970. The Social Contract: A Personal Inquiry into the Evolutionary Sources of Order and Disorder. Atheneum. ISBN0-689-10347-6.
• Edwords, Frederick. 1989. 'What is humanism?.' American Humanist Association.

External links[edit]

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• Media related to Human behavior at Wikimedia Commons
• Quotations related to Human behavior at Wikiquote

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